We focus on understanding the Earth as a whole system, comprising of life and its environment, including the atmosphere, ocean, sea-ice, land surface, ice sheets, and crustal rocks.


Our research interests span the full range of Earth system timescales, from the formation of the planet 4.6 billion years ago to current and future human-induced global change.

Our primary research tools are a spectrum of Earth system models, which we are actively developing.

We use the models with available data to test hypotheses about Earth system function.

We are particularly interested in the ongoing co-evolution of life and the environment, sketched out in this figure (on right) from one of our recent publications.
Synoptic chart showing the major climatic events and the evolution of life
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